Sự nở vì nhiệt của chất khí, thí nghiệm, giải thích – Vật lý 6 bài 20

Bóng bàn là môn thể thao mà có lẽ nhiều em trong chúng ta đã từng nghe và biết đến, khi quả bóng bàn bị móp để làm hết móp chúng ta thường nhúng quả bóng vào nước nóng để nó tròn trở lại, tại sao làm được như vậy?

Bài viết về sự giãn nở của chất khí dưới đây sẽ giúp các em có lời giải đáp cho thắc mắc trên.

1. Thí nghiệm sự nở vì nhiệt của chất khí 

– Cắm một ống thủy tinh nhỏ xuyên qua nút cao su của một bình cầu

– Nhúng một đầu ống vào cốc nước màu, dùng ngón tay bịt chặt đầu còn lại rồi rút ống ra khỏi cốc sao cho còn một giọt nước màu trong ống.

thí nghiệm đo sự nở vì nhiệt của chất khí

– Lắp chặt nút cao su có gắn ống thủy tinh với giọt nước màu vào bình cầu, để nhốt một lượng không khí trong bình. Xát hai bàn tay vào nhau cho nóng lên, rồi áp chặt vào bình cầu.

2. Giải thích sự giãn nở vì nhiệt của chất khí

– Khi áp hai bàn tay nóng vào bình cầu, ta thấy:

+ Giọt nước màu đi lên, chứng tổ thể tích khí trong bình nở ra.

+ Nói cách khác, đã có lực tác dụng vào giọt nước màu và đẩy giọt nước đi lên, lực này do không khí dãn nở mà có.

– Khi thôi không áp hai bàn tay nóng vào bình cầu, ta thấy:

+ Giọt nước màu đi xuống, chứng tỏ thể tích không khí trong bình giảm, không khí trong bình co lại.

– Thể tích không khí trong bình tăng khi ta áp hai bàn tay nóng vào là do không khí trong bình nóng lên và nở ra.

– Thể tích không khí trong bình giảm khi ta thôi không áp hai bàn tay nóng vào là do không khí trong bình lạnh đi và co lại.

* Bảng so sánh sự nở vì nhiệt của các chất rắn, lỏng, khí:

Chất khí Chất lỏng Chất rắn
Không khí: 183cm3  Rượu: 58cm3  Nhôm: 3,54cm3 
Hơi nước: 183cm3  Dầu hỏa: 55cm3  Đồng: 3,55cm3 
Khí oxy: 183cm3  Thủy ngân: 9cm3  Sắt: 1,80cm3 

3. So sánh sự nở vì nhiệt của các chất rắn, lỏng khí

– Chất khí nở vì nhiệt nhiều hơn chất lỏng, chất lỏng nở vì nhiệu nhiều hơn chất rắn.

4. Kết luận

– Chất khí nở ra khi nóng lên, co lại khi lạnh đi

– Các chất khí khác nhau nở vì nhiệt giống nhau

– Chất khí nở vì nhiệt nhiều hơn chất lỏng, chất lỏng nở vì nhiệt nhiều hơn chất rắn.

5. Vận dụng

* Câu C7 trang 63 SGK Vật Lý 6: Phải có điều kiện gì thì quả bóng bàn bị móp, được nhúng vào nước nóng mới có thể phồng lên?

* Lời giải:

– Khi cho quả bóng bàn bị ép vào nước nóng, không khí trong quả bóng bị nóng lên, nở ra làm cho quả bóng phồng lên như cũ.

– Vì vậy, điều kiện để quả bóng bàn bị móp, được nhúng vào nước nóng mới có thể phồng lên là không khí bên trong quả bóng không được thất thoát ra ngoài, nghĩa là quả bóng không bị hở khí.

* Câu C8 trang 63 SGK Vật Lý 6: Tại sao không khí nóng lại nhẹ hơn không khí lạnh? (Hãy xem lại bài trọng lượng riêng để trả lời câu hỏi này).

* Lời giải:

– Trọng lượng riêng của không khí được xác định bằng công thức:

 d = P/V = 10m/V

Trong đó: m là khối lượng khí, V là thể tích của khí, d là trọng lượng riêng.

– Khi nhiệt độ tăng, khối lượng khí (m) không đổi nhưng thể tích (V) tăng do khí nở ra, do đó trọng lượng riêng (d) giảm.

 

⇒ Vì vậy trọng lượng riêng của không khí nóng nhỏ hơn của không khí lạnh, nghĩa là không khí nóng nhẹ hơn không khí lạnh.

* Câu C9 trang 64 SGK Vật Lý 6: Dụng cụ đo độ nóng, lạnh đầu tiên của loài người do nhà bác học Galilê (1564 – 1642) sáng chế. Nó gồm một bình cầu có gắn một ống thuỷ tinh. Hơ nóng bình cầu rồi nhúng đầu ống thuỷ tinh vào một bình đựng nước. Khi bình khí nguội đi, nước dâng lên trong ống thuỷ tinh.

dụng cụ đo sự nóng lạnh

Bây giờ, dựa theo mực nước trong ống thuỷ tinh, người ta có thể biết thời tiết nóng hay lạnh. Hãy giải thích tại sao?

* Lời giải:

– Khi thời tiết nóng lên, không khí trong bình cầu cũng nóng lên và nở ra đẩy mực nước trong ống thủy tinh xuống dưới.

– Khi thời tiết lạnh đi, không khí trong bình cầu cũng lạnh đi và co lại dẫn đến mức nước trong ống thủy tinh khi đó dâng lên.

Như vậy, nếu gắn vào ống thủy tinh một băng giấy có chia vạch, thì có thể biết được lúc nào mức nước hạ xuống, dâng lên, tức là khi nào trời nóng, trời lạnh.

Như vậy, với bài viết về sự giãn nở vì nhiệt của chất lỏng các em cần lưu ý một số ý chính như sau:

1- Chất khí nở ra khi nóng lên, co lại khi lạnh đi.

2- Các chất khí khác nhau nở vì nhiệt giống nhau.

3- Chất khí nở vì nhiệt nhiều hơn chất lỏng, chất lỏng nở vì nhiệt nhiều hơn chất rắn.

Bản quyền bài viết thuộc trường trung học phổ thông Sóc Trăng. Mọi hành vi sao chép đều là gian lận.
Nguồn chia sẻ: Trường THPT Thành Phố Sóc Trăng (thptsoctrang.edu.vn)

281 bình luận trong “Sự nở vì nhiệt của chất khí, thí nghiệm, giải thích – Vật lý 6 bài 20”

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